Alter genes of or add new genes to an organism to increase productivity, to expand metabolic repertoire, or to facilitate growth

		use endogenous genes - increase copy number, promoter manipulation or eradicate "problem genes"
		bolster endogenous metabolism - enhance secretion, folding chaperones, or precursor pools
		use exogenous genes - from related species (e.g. change temperature optimum if use a hot spring bacterial source of gene) - from unrelated species (adds new enzyme /metabolism)

1. Biotech Uses of Recombinant Organisms

		better production - simply higher levels in normal tissue - make animals into reactors, glands for continual production (milk, etc.)
		novel products - plant / virus vaccine (eat a recombinant potato instead of getting a shot)
		use altered metabolism to make new molecules - "plastics" in plant - new antibiotics in Streptomyces that cannot be degraded by pathogenic bacteria
		stimulate new symbiosis - Rhyzobium bacteria / plant & N2 fixation (need less fertilizer) - Bioremediation - bacterial communities that degrade pollutants to harmless compounds
		validate target molecules - various gene "knock-out" & "knock-in" techniques to alter organisms so that the animal/plant is a better model system of disease (genetically predisposed to disease) allowing the altered organisms to be used to test medicenes or theories.

2. Gene Delivery

		viral vectors
		Ti plasmid for plants
		bolistic: shoot DNA-coated particles with a "gun" into plants & fungus with tough cell walls
		chimeraplasty: precise genetic surgery

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